Reply. F T = (T_E^j - T_E^i - t_e^{ij}) 3) Independent float: It is the excess of minimum available time over the required activity duration; F I = (T_E^j - T_L^i - t_e^{ij}) 4) Interfering floatthe amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the entire project because they may not be critical activities. The Effective Time (ET 50) represents the time required for 50% of the. 2 only 3. Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss in which, in exchange for a fee, a party agrees to compensate another party in the event of a certain loss, damage, or injury. 3- Be sure that your critical path is realistic and most likely present the situation on-site. Then when the time runs out the coroutine moves past the while statement and processes whatever code is after it. the type of plant b. following activity. Total float = 25 – 16. Interestingly, project float connects to the commitment of the project manager for a specific completion target. Independent Float. A. Independent Float = Total Float – Tail Event Slack Note: In case a negative value is obtained, it is taken as zero. Initially, scientists described atoms as the smallest particles of matter. Floats. It does not affect the start of succeeding activity i. Also, if the disks rise faster it shows that photosynthesis is occurring faster. Now, density is an intensive property of matter because density has an independent amount of substance while extensive properties do depend on the amount of substance. However, the main difference between float and slack is that slack is typically associated with inactivity, while float is associated with activity. completion of an activity can be delayed beyond EFT without affecting EST. (6) Scheduling:It is locale-independent, preventing bugs when writing data into formats such as JSON that require '. Free float: It is the amount of time that the activity completion time can be delayed without affecting the earliest start time of the immediate successor activities in the network. Simply we can say that Free Float is the amount of time that an activity can be delayed without delaying the “Early Start” date of its successor. Independent float: It is the minimum excess available time which exists without affecting any of succeeding or preceding activities. the amount of water d. Hold the syringe with the tip up, and expel the air by gently pushing on the plunger. represents moving backward to the end result to calculate late start or to find if there is any slack/float in the activity. Additional Information. It is given by Total float - Free float. Free float: (F F) It is the amount of time that the activity completion time can be delayed without affecting the earliest start time of the immediate successor activities in the network. What is Project Management Float? Project management float, also known as “slack,” is the amount of time a project can be delayed before failing to meet a deadline. e. Create flashcards for FREE and quiz yourself with an interactive. LF ij = ES j – ES i - t ij. The sequence of critical activities in. It is computed for an activity by subtracting the tail event slack from its total float. Project float, also known as slack, is the amount of time by which a given task within a project can be delayed before it impacts the deadline for the project. Float corresponds to activity in CPM. critical path. Independent float therefore does not affect float of either preceding or subsequent activities. Before calculating Float it is important to find the critical path. private float startTime; void Start() { // Note the time at the start of the. Interfering float refers to the amount of float that affects the project's critical path, while total float represents the total amount of time a task can be delayed without delaying the project. Fahad Usmani says: September 16, 2014 at 9:08 AM. The critical path is the path through the network that results in the latest completion date of the project. You can read this value, or set it to control how fast time passes, allowing you to create slow-motion effects. Time available for an activity performance minus the duration of the activity C. It only affects concerned activity. Rev. Total Float is the amount of time by which you can delay an activity from its early start date without delaying the project finish date. Independent float is the amount of time by which: a. The disks will float when they have produced a measured amount of oxygen through photosynthesis. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Independent Float, Pegged to another country, European Monetary System (Euro) and more. In networks where all dependencies are finish-to-start. Early Start/Finish times are used to calculate the Free Float values. Mathematically: Late Finish – Early Finish = Total Float. INDEPENDENT FLOAT. Mathematically (If) ij = (E j - L i) - D ij The negative independent float is always taken as zero. It does not affect start of succeeding activity i. Independent float can also be defined as the excess of minimum available time over the required activity duration. 5 minutes). d. completion of an activity can be delayed beyond earliest possible finishing time. The CPM is ideally suited to projects consisting of numerous activities that interact in a complex. 3 grams (about 1/8 teaspoon) baking soda in 300 milliliters of water. Independent float is an amount of time by which the start of an activity may be delayed without affecting 1. If for simplicity we assume that the clip is a rectangle of length l l and breadth b b. astype(float) we will face error: ValueError: could not convert string to float: '$10. F f = (T j E - T i E) - t ij. Presenter 2: The independent variable is the one you change. If the egg does not sink, find a new egg and repeat the step until the egg sinks to the bottom. Independent float is the amount of time by which: a. Independent Float: Amount by which an activity can be delayed without delaying the project; even if all predecessors are at Late Finish and all Successors are at Early Start. A red line indicates at what time 50% (5) leaf disks float (at about 11. If the spare time available to one activity could also be used for another activity then it is not independent. The independent variable is the number of dry cells, and the dependent variable is the length of time the bulb works. F f = (T j E - T i E) - t ij. So the total would be ( 12+ 4*14 + 18) = 86, and we'll get the result once we divide the total by 6. Motivate team members. About us. Best Battery Backup: Wayne Upgraded Combination Battery Back-Up Sump Pump. Free Float = ES2 – EF1. Study Exam 2 flashcards. The free float for the activity (i, j) is the excess available time over its duration. 1. B. It goes up or down according to the laws of supply and demand. interfering float D. For any remaining activities, in this case Activity 1, the float will be the duration of the critical path minus the duration of this path. The first calculator in this guide helps you estimate your FIRE number, or the dollar amount you need to save to reach financial independence and retire early. It is computed by subtracting the tail event. To use this online calculator for Independent Float, enter Early Finish Time (EFT), Late Start Time (LST) & Activity Time (tactivity) and hit the calculate button. What is "hedge accounting". Independent Float: Relax or delay provided to any activity without affecting the Earliest Start Time (EST) of successor activity as well as Latest Finish Time (LFT) of the predecessor. Interfering float: It is similar to head event slack. The difference between this and linear interpolation (aka, "lerp") is that the vectors are treated as directions rather than points in space. Total float. this would simplify cross-country transac-tions but preclude each country in a bloc from operating an independent monetary and exchange rate policy. Independent Float: Amount by which an activity can be delayed without delaying the project; even if all predecessors are at Late Finish and all Successors are at Early Start. Where S j is slack of Head event. Step 1: ValueError: could not convert string to float. SALT WATER EXPERIMENT SET UP: STEP 1: Start by filling one glass about 2/3 of the way full with water. Critical Path: This is the sequence of tasks that must be completed on time for the project to finish on the due date. 0f; // The time at which the animation started. Concept: Independent Float: It is the amount of time by which an activity can be delayed when all the preceding activities are completed as late as possible and all succeeding activities started as early as possible. Float, also known as slack or contingency, is the amount of time a task can be delayed without affecting the overall project schedule. Independent float is the amount of delay which can be assigned to any one activity without delaying subsequent activities or restricting the scheduling of preceding activities. It only affects concerned activity. By adding the prefered time you want people to hold the button to that and comparing that to the current Time. using UnityEngine; // Vector3. Stir it with the spoon. Different than TF which is calculated at the path level, FF is calculated at the activity level. Float (slack) – Amount of time that a task can be delayed without causing a delay to: (1) subsequent tasks (free float) and (2) Project completion date (total. Independent Float video > Relationship Slack [Slack] - the amount of ‘unused’ time difference between the predecessor and the successor activities or relative float in relationships. Most Compact: Superior Pump Store 1/4-Horsepower Utility Pump. A lag is the amount of time a successor activity can be delayed with respect to a predecessor activity [3]. It is computed as total float minus head event slack. What we can see from the formula is that there are 6 elements total and that the most likely scenario is counted 4 times. Float, sometimes called. Simply put, project lead time can be considered as a negative value and can be used only with a Finish-to-Start relationship. Discover how to measure salt concentration (salinity), investigate the effects of salinity on how objects float, or explore how increased acid affects saltwater. South Asia Economic Journal. Andrew, Lag and Lead [what most people call negative lag] are inputs to a PDM model; Floats are computed outputs. Here LS = 7 and ES =1, therefore total float of Node A = 7 – 1 = 6. Usually, this time will depend on what tasks are involved and how much float each one allows. The salt should be completely dissolved before you go on to the. Setting to True will apply a small default. B Total Float = Latest Finish time (LFT) - Earliest Start time(EST) time – Activity Duration Total Float = 50 - 10 - 10 = 30 days b) Free float Amount of time an activity can be delayed. The more mass an object has, the further it sinks. 5 minutes). Study Chapter 7 flashcards. It is the float available to the activity regardless of. Place egg in glass of pure water and watch as it sinks to the bottom. Amount of time by which a path of activities could be delayed without affecting the overall project duration. Specify the data type for the values it accepts: Optional: Specify a current value. 2: Photosynthesis Teacher's Preparation Notes is shared under a CC BY-NC license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. 3 kilogram block of iron; 10,000 kilogram steel hull car ferry; 0. is the difference between the finish date of the last activity on the. (4 results) Experiment with saltwater. B Total Float = Latest Finish time (LFT) - Earliest Start time(EST) time – Activity Duration Total Float = 50 - 10 - 10 = 30 days b) Free float Amount of time an. This recommended. Interfering Float: Maximum amount by which an activity can be delayed without delaying the project but will cause delay to the Early Start of some following activity. Free float: The time span by which delay can be made without delaying the succeeding activities. How to calculate float in project management Every task and project is different, but that doesn’t mean there aren’t basic standards in place to help you calculate float time. Slack or float refers to the amount of time that various related tasks can be delayed without pushing the schedule. EFT = Earliest Finish time. total float B. Free Float (FF): Relax or delay provided to any activity without affecting the Earliest Start Time (EST) of the successor activity. Notes. This returns the actual number of milliseconds used. Starting a new project places pressure on everyone involved. Float affects the amount of currency available to trade and. Independent Float: It is the amount of time by which an activity can be delayed when all the preceding activities are completed as late as possible and all succeeding activities started as early as possible. Independent float is that portion of the total float within which an activity can be delayed for start without affecting the float of the preceding activities. Free float is only calculated on the last activity in an activity sequence. Free float: It is the amount of time that the activity completion time can be delayed without affecting the earliest start time of the immediate successor activities in the network. timeScale represents the rate at which time elapses. The dependent variable is what you measure. Node 3 indicates we could start the activity as early as 2, the duration of the activity is 2, so in the space of (9-2)=7 units of time, the activity must be done, which takes 2 units of time, leaving 5 units of time, this is the total float; Independent float: Now we want to know how much time the activity is left in the worst case scenario (i. Pages 319 Ratings 100% (1) 1 out of 1 people found this document helpful;Independent float Total float Half float Ans- C is the correct answer. · Extra time by which an activity can be delayed so that the succeeding activity can be started on earliest start time. . Independent variable - Amount of salt Dependent variable – Flotation of egg Controlled variables – Same glass, same water amount, same temperature, same egg used. Independent float is the amount of time by which: A. Float represents the amount of time a particular task can be delayed without jeopardizing or delaying the entire project. Python float () Function Syntax. For the full list of time-related properties, see the Time script reference page. A. To calculate a task’s total float, simply take the difference between the. In project management, it is the amount of float on an activity that does not affect float on preceding or succeeding activities. Total float is the difference between the finish date of the last activity on the critical path and the project completion date. The extra time is known as float. Latest start time (LST): (i) This is the latest possible time at which an activity can be started without delaying the overall project. Description : The time by which a particular activity can be delayed without affecting the preceding and succeeding activities is known as (A) Total float (B) Free. The bicarbonate solution acts as a source of dissolved carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. The next longest path is Activities 2 and 5. It is a system that helps in the proper scheduling and coordination of all tasks throughout a project. EST = Earliest Start time. Essentially, negative float is the amount of time that must be saved to bring the project to completion on time. Method: 1. The term float is used for activities while slack is used for events. Float or slack is the amount of time a project or task can be delayed without it impacting the overall deadline or other tasks in the project. pick two (pick any two): Pick two, sometimes expressed as pick any two, is the principle that in many sets of three desirable qualities, those qualities will be somewhat mutually exclusive. Compute the earliest start and finish and latest start and finish times of all activities including dummy activities (if any). Time seconds (float amount) Construct a time value from a number of seconds. Below is a screenshot of a typical programme layout showing Total float and free float. This is because the PMP critical path activities show the longest path of the project to complete, and therefore any activity on the critical path will. ∴ LST = LFT - Activity duration. The correct option is C Independent float (i) Float: The term is associated with activity time. It is defined as the amount of time by which an event can be delayed without delaying the project schedule. Like this: void Update() { // Moves the object forward at two units per second. 2 and 3 are correct: C. Total Float is the maximum amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the project whereas Free Float is the amount of time an activity can be delayed without impacting the Early Start date of any of its immediate successors. set_timer() ¶. On critical path LS = ES and LF = EF hence total float is equal to zero. Total float. Example results for the floating leaf disk assay. It is computed for an activity by subtracting the tail event slack from its total float. This will tell you how much total time the critical tasks can be delayed before the entire project misses its completion target. the amount of soil c. 3 only 4. It is thus equal to the head event slack. To say, “Lag and Lead is float,” simply confuses the issue. class Plant {public: void water (float amount) {moisture += amount;} private: float moisture = 0. Free float: It is the amount of time that the activity completion time can be delayed without affecting the earliest start time of the immediate successor activities in the network. Critical path method (CPM): The critical path method is a step-by-step project management technique for process planning that identifies critical and noncritical tasks, preventing timeframe problems and process bottlenecks. Independent float is the time by which starting or finishing of an activity can be delayed without affecting the total float of its proceeding and succeeding activity. many countries join hands to form a monetary system and an exchange rate C. position = Vector3. A project can also have negative float, which means the calculated completion date of the last activity is later. and the project completion date. e. Negative Float. Latest finish time (LF): The latest an activity can be completed, based on its duration and its latest start time; Float: Also known as slack, float is a term that describes how long you can delay a task before it impacts its task sequence and the project schedule. It affects. time value we can see whether 5 seconds has passed. Free float: It is the amount of time that the activity completion time can be delayed without affecting the earliest start time of the immediate successor activities. Thus, it is the extra time available for an activity. Free Float: The amount that a task can move without affecting other tasks. The time by which a particular activity can be delayed without affecting the preceding and succeeding activities is known as a) Total float b) Free float c) Interfering float d) Independent float. Total float is the amount of time a task within a project can be delayed without endangering theproject deadline. The SWIFT_RETURNS_INDEPENDENT_VALUE customization macro from the. 02 kilogram piece of iron; 10,000 kilogram wooden hull car ferry; 500 kilogram block of wood; 5 gram brass screw; 10 kilogram piece of woodSubstances are expected to float if the density is less than the liquid and they are expected to shrink if the density is denser than the liquid. If a currency is widely available on the market - or. In other words, it signifies the flexibility available within the schedule of a specific task, without causing any delay to the overall project completion. So in this cse, lead time could be considered 'negative' float. Float Path 1 is limited to those activities that 1) are predecessors of C3, AND 2) have a Total Float of 0. Macy’s President Jack Straus donated approximately 650 pounds of rubber balloon material to. It is the max amount of time by which an activity can be delayed from early start without delaying the project. A project’s total float is the difference between the finish date of the last task on the critical path and the project completion date. Lead: A lead is the amount of time an activity can be advanced. In fact, there are two distinct types of float that project managers use to manage task timelines: total float and free float. To prepare salt water, put 1-2 cups of salt in 500ml of water. PROJECT FLOAT. Total float: Total float represents the amount of time by which an activity can be delayed without delaying the project completion time. If you use level of effort or WBS summary activities in your schedule always make sure that the schedule calculates “Total Float” as “Finish Float=Late Finish-Early Finish”. LST = Latest. Float or slack is the amount of time that a task in a project network can be delayed without causing a delay to subsequent tasks ("free float") and project completion date ("total float"). completion of an activity can be delayed beyond EFT without affecting EST. Total float is the difference between the finish date of the last activity on the critical path and the project completion date. Total Float; Free Float; Independent Float; Q2. Independent float is that portion of the total float within which an activity can be delayed for start without affecting the float of the preceding activities. (CPM) to determine schedule flexibility of an activity. Start of the activity can be delayed without affecting the EST of subsequent activity Independent float is the time by which starting or finishing of an activity can be delayed without affecting the total float of its proceeding and succeeding activity. Time. It is named after French mathematician. Answers 1) Option A Independent float Independent float relies on market forces to determine the values of currencies 2) option D We use direct quote in the textbook and lect. Amount to separate the points for each level of the hue variable along the categorical axis. Negative float, also known as negative slack, is the amount of time beyond a project’s scheduled completion that a task within the project requires. Total Float . astype(float). In a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of the overlying fluid. Total Float is the amount of time an activity can delay but not delay the termination of the project Float, also known as slack, is the amount of time that an activity can be delayed or advanced without affecting the project completion date. (ii) Total Float (F T): It is the time span by which the starting (or finishing) of an activity can be. The difference between the planned finish date and the actual finish. In this guided project you will learn how to build a precedence network diagram. It is. Average daily float = (amount of money x number of days) + (amount of money x number of days) / days in period. Objects will float in water if their density is less than 1 g/mL. For example, the currency of China was pegged with US dollars until 2015. Q19. PMBOK Guide definitions of Total Float and Free Float. Here is how the Total Float calculation can be explained with given input values -> 0. Interpolates between a and b by amount t. In project management, the measure of the amount of time that a task can be delayed without impacting the project’s overall completion date is known as Float. ∴ Total Float = (L j - E i) - t ij = 16 - 10 - 4 = 2 week. It is thus equal to the head event slack. How to identify the critical path and calculate the total float free float and independent float from a network diagramProject management float refers to the amount of time that you can delay a task without impacting other parts of a project's timeline or missing the overall completion deadline. Whereas free and total float are about the time an activity can be delayed, project float is the time of delay based on imposed deadlines. Interfering Float (IF): The total time utilized in the current activity that interferes with its following activities; Independent Float (Ind. Now we can use setter and getter methods to set and get the data in it. Float is the more common term when using the critical path method (CPM). Procedure. - Selection from Quantitative Techniques: Theory and Problems [Book]ALL ABOUT CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM)MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT: FAQs- LOUNGI. We can identify two float types: free float and total float. 4k points)Float is the time by which starting or finishing of an activity can be delayed without affecting the schedule completion period of a project. Examine the following graph with data plotted for 14 leaf disks over 16 minutes. belongs to one activity only. The space it occupied is filled by fluid having a weight w fl. 100% (2 ratings) Here we go!. The amount of time by which an activity can be delayed without affecting project completion time is Independent float Free float Activity float Total float Which of the following is the cost for the purpose of Economic order quantity (EOQ)? The annual ordering costs None The annual holding cost per item per annum Both a and b. Independent Float: It is the amount of time by which an activity can be delayed when all the preceding activities are completed as late as possible and all succeeding activities started as early as possible. following activity. Whereas free and total float are about the time an activity can be delayed, project float is the time of delay based on imposed deadlines. Amount of time an activity can be delayed when all preceding activities are completed as late as possible and all succeeding activities commenced as early a possible. Independent Float = Earliest Successors’ Early Start. Free float : The delay can be made without delaying succeeding activities. So in this case for activity F, ES = 2+1 = 3 and EF = 3+3-1 = 5. How do floating disks correspond to the rate of photosynthesis? Floating disks correspond to the photosynthetic rate because when more disks float it shows that the photosynthesis is occurring. 4. the completion of the project 1. b) Free float It is defined by assuming that all the activities start as early as possible. In order to interpret the effects of colored light filters, students will need to be familiar with the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll (and other plant pigments). In probability theory and statistics, the Poisson distribution is a discrete probability distribution that expresses the probability of a given number of events occurring in a fixed interval of time or space if these events occur with a known constant mean rate and independently of the time since the last event. 4. Free Float or Independent Float is the amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the early start of its successor activity. Cost Slope of an Activity. 32. Independent float F I D: It is defined as the amount of time by which an activity can be delayed without affecting the succeeding activity and preceding activity. This behavior is independent of each object's size and. Float Path 3 comprises the single logical predecessor of C3 with TF = 24. It is thus equal to the head event slack. Added an answer on October 7, 2020 at 8:00 pm. Each such object maintains a state (in tf. • Free Float: ES (of successors) – EF of current activity -1. e. Free float: It is the amount of time that the activity completion time can be delayed without affecting the earliest start time of the immediate successor activities in the network. Since 26 - 24 = 2, the slack time is appropriate for the project task. Impact of the effective exchange rate on the trade balance of Sri Lanka: Evidence from 2000 to 2013. The amount of work can be fixed. tij = duration of activity TE = earliest expected time TL. Density is a measure of how heavy something is compared to its size. 8. What is the total float of any critical activity? One Day. The total amount of time a task can be delayed without affecting the final project delivery date Lesson Eight 335 a) Total float. Independent Float: Amount by which an activity can be delayed without delaying the project; even if all predecessors are at Late Finish. You will order the activities based on the logic of the work, and decide which can be. Total Float and Free Float are used in Critical Path Method (CPM) to determine schedule flexibility of an. is the combination of restricted (start-, finish-, and double restricted) and unrestricted float. Independent float: It is the minimum excess available time which exists without affecting any of succeeding or preceding activities. Float or slack is the amount of time that a task in a project network can be delayed without causing a delay to subsequent tasks ("free float") and project completion date ("total float"). It is the time available to fluctuate if the preceding activities get completed as late as possible and succeeding activities get started as early as possible. Accounting questions and answers Question 1 Life Cycle Costing is a term that is a. Defining Free Float and Total Float: Free Float: At its core, Free Float represents the amount of time a task can be delayed without affecting the subsequent task's start date. Spill the yeast mixture into the sink and wash the saccharometer carefully and thoroughly. Adopting such regimes implies the complete surrender of the monetary authorities' independent control over domestic monetary policy. Your critical path has zero slack. However, smaller particles within atoms were discovered. Example results for the floating leaf disk assay. Total float is equal to LS-ES or LF-EF. It is defined as the amount of time by which an event can be delayed without delaying the project schedule. Enter the loan amount (LoanAmount) --> 10000 Enter the YEARLY interest rate as a percentage --> 12 Enter number of payments --> 36 Loan amount: 10000 Yearly Interest Rate: 12% Number of Payments: 36 Monthly Payment: 10000 Amount Paid Back: 360000 Interest Paid: 350000 Program Over Press Enter to end --> Press any key to. Free float = Total Float – Head event slack; Independent Float (IF) It is amount of free float time which can be used without affecting either the head or the tail event. Independent Float: Amount by which an activity can be delayed without delaying the project; even if all. Independent float c) Total float d) Half float Answer: c Explanation: The difference between the maximum time available and the actual time needed to perform an activity is known as the total float. Figure 3. A project can also have negative float, which means the calculated completion date of the last activity is later. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Cascade chart, Crash a network, Critical activity and more. ∴ Total Float = (L j - E i) - t ij = 16 - 10 - 4 = 2 week. Amount of water flowing, measured in liters per minute : The. See WaitForSecondsRealtime if you wish to wait using unscaled time. By using those values, the program calculates Simple Interest using the above-specified formula. For example, if you want to. Matching gains or losses from hedging with losses or gains from the risk being hedged. total float. If float = 0 i. Independent float therefore does not affect float of either preceding or subsequent activities. Gently add one penny at a time. Free float: The amount of time a task can be postponed without influencing the one after it. Less than Independent Float. Variable) that will be changed after each number generation. Free float: It is the amount of time that the activity completion time can be delayed without affecting the earliest start time of the immediate successor activities in the network. It tells us by how long the activity's start or completion may be delayed without. total float. You can complete the project on time by using the remaining project float. Independent Float It is the minimum available time over the required activity duration. Interfering Float: Maximum amount by which an activity can be delayed without delaying the project but will cause delay to the Early Start of some following activity. Here is how the Independent Float calculation can be explained with given input values -> 3. Consider a. But, there’s a little more to it than that. Density is a characteristic property of a substance and doesn’t depend on the amount of substance. It is the difference between total float and free float. Hence the correct answer. (5) - (3) = 2. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. 9 oF 1 Tablespoon Salt 215. a. Draw about 6–8 mL of bicarbonate solution into the syringe. Uploaded By steldebk. Slack corresponds to the event in PERT. 6 billion iShares MSCI. It affects only preceding activities. The library provides overloads for all cv-unqualified floating-point types as the type of the. Free float represents the amount of time that a schedule activity can be delayed without delaying the early start date of any immediate successor activity within the network path. Float, or slack, refers to the amount of time a task can be delayed without impacting the broader project. reduces the float of subsequent activities. Mathematically, Free Float = (E j - E i) - t ij. $1,561.